What is the name for the form of government controlled by a privileged, hereditary ruling class, generally resented by the middle and lower class.

The name for this form of government is derived from the Greek words *aristos*, meaning 'best,' and *kratos*, meaning 'rule.' In its original philosophical sense, as envisioned by thinkers like Plato and Aristotle, it described a system governed by the most virtuous and capable citizens for the good of all. It was meant to be a government of the most qualified individuals, chosen for their wisdom and moral excellence.

Over time, however, the meaning shifted dramatically. In practice, this system became one where power was concentrated in the hands of a small, privileged class whose status was determined not by merit, but by noble birth and inherited wealth. This hereditary elite controlled the land, military, and key political positions, passing power down through family lines.

Historically, this was the dominant structure in many societies, from the patrician class in the Roman Republic to the nobility of medieval Europe. Because this ruling class often governed in its own self-interest, it frequently generated resentment from the broader population. The lack of social mobility and the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few often led to social unrest and, in some cases, outright revolution.