What space agency launched the Europa Clipper mission to Jupiter's moon Europa in October 2024, which will perform an Earth gravity assist in December 2026?

The mission to Jupiter's icy moon Europa, known as Europa Clipper, is a groundbreaking endeavor spearheaded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA. This ambitious spacecraft embarked on its journey on October 14, 2024, aiming to unravel the mysteries of Europa, a celestial body believed to harbor a vast ocean beneath its frozen (Review) crust. The primary objective of the Europa Clipper is to determine if this distant moon possesses the necessary conditions to support life, focusing on the presence of liquid water, essential chemical elements, and energy sources.

To reach its ultimate destination in the Jovian system by April 2030, the Europa Clipper is employing a clever technique known as gravity assists. After an initial gravity assist from Mars in March 2025, the spacecraft will swing by Earth in December 2026. This "slingshot" maneuver uses the gravitational pull of planets to gain speed and adjust its trajectory, significantly reducing the amount of propellant needed for the long 1.8-billion-mile journey across the solar system. These carefully planned flybys are crucial for propelling the massive spacecraft, which, with its solar arrays deployed, spans about 100 feet—roughly the length of a basketball court.

Once it arrives, Europa Clipper will not orbit Europa directly due to Jupiter's intense radiation environment. Instead, it will orbit Jupiter and perform nearly 50 close flybys of Europa, at altitudes ranging from 16 to 1,700 miles. During these passes, its sophisticated suite of nine scientific instruments will gather detailed measurements, including mapping the ice shell, investigating the moon's composition, and searching for plumes of water vapor that may erupt from the subsurface ocean. Scientists believe Europa's subsurface ocean could contain more than twice the amount of liquid water found in all of Earth's oceans combined, making it one of the most compelling places in our solar system to search for signs of life beyond our home planet.