Which two countries form the eastern border of Iran?

Iran's long eastern frontier is shared by two separate nations. In the northeast, it borders Afghanistan for over 900 kilometers, running through a rugged and often arid landscape. Further south, the border transitions to its 900-kilometer boundary with Pakistan, terminating at the Gulf of Oman. A significant portion of this southern border cuts through the historical region of Baluchistan, a territory inhabited by the Baluch people that is split between both Iran and Pakistan.

This entire border region is a historical crossroads, deeply woven with shared cultural, linguistic, and ethnic ties that long predate modern national boundaries. For centuries, it was a thoroughfare for empires, traders, and nomadic peoples. The linguistic connection is particularly strong, as Dari, one of Afghanistan's official languages, is a variety of the Persian language spoken in Iran. These deep-rooted historical connections make the border a complex area of both cultural exchange and modern geopolitical significance.