Which two countries in South America border neither the Atlantic nor the Pacific Ocean?

On a continent known for its extensive coastlines, only two nations are completely surrounded by land. Tucked away in the center of the continent, Bolivia and Paraguay are South America's only landlocked countries. Bolivia is situated high in the Andes mountain range, bordered by Brazil, Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Paraguay itself. Meanwhile, Paraguay lies in a flatter, river-basin region, sharing borders with Argentina, Brazil, and Bolivia.

Interestingly, Bolivia was not always without access to the sea. The nation lost its entire coastal territory to neighboring Chile during the War of the Pacific in the late 19th century. The loss remains a significant national issue, and in a unique twist, Bolivia continues to maintain a navy. This force operates on Lake Titicaca, the world's highest navigable lake, and on the country's extensive river systems.

Paraguay’s situation is slightly different. While it also lacks a direct ocean border, it is not entirely cut off from maritime trade. The country has significant access to the Atlantic Ocean via the navigable Paraguay and Paraná rivers. This crucial river system serves as a vital commercial waterway, allowing for the transport of goods to and from seaports and connecting the "Heart of South America" to the wider world.