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For thousands of years, these small, blood-sucking annelids were a staple of the physician's toolkit. The practice, known as bloodletting, was rooted in the ancient medical theory of humoralism. This theory held that the human body contained four essential fluids, or "humors": blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Illness was believed to be caused by an imbalance among them. By applying a leech to draw out what was considered "excess" or "bad" blood, doctors aimed to restore this
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