The first African slaves were brought to the colonies in America in 1619 by which nationality of Europeans?

In late August of 1619, a ship named the White Lion arrived at Point Comfort, Virginia, carrying a cargo of "20. and odd" Africans. These individuals were the first recorded Africans to be brought to the English colonies in North America. While the White Lion was an English privateer vessel, it was operating under a Dutch letter of marque, which was official authorization from a government to attack ships of a hostile (Review) nation. For this reason, the Dutch are credited with bringing the first enslaved Africans to the colonies. The captain of the ship traded the African captives to the English colonists in exchange for food and supplies.

The journey of these Africans began in West Central Africa, in what is modern-day Angola. They were captured by Portuguese slave traders and forced onto a ship called the São João Bautista, which was bound for Mexico. In the Gulf of Mexico, the Portuguese vessel was attacked by the White Lion and another English privateer, the Treasurer. The privateers seized some of the enslaved people before sailing to Virginia, marking a pivotal and somber moment in American history.

Upon their arrival in Virginia, the legal status of these Africans was not clearly defined, as the colony had not yet established laws for chattel slavery. They were likely treated as indentured servants, who could eventually earn their freedom. This event, however, marked the beginning of a shift that would lead to the development of a system of hereditary, race-based slavery that would become entrenched in the American colonies for the next two and a half centuries.