Which two people, in 1848, published the doctrine known as the Communist Manifesto , and in which language was it written?

In early 1848, amidst a wave of revolutions sweeping across Europe, two German philosophers and collaborators published a short but explosive political pamphlet. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were commissioned by the Communist League, a small group of German workers in London, to lay out the organization's principles. Written in their native German, the document was originally titled "Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei" and was first published anonymously in London just before the February Revolution erupted in France.

The Manifesto was a direct response to the harsh conditions of the Industrial Revolution. It frames history as a continuous struggle between the oppressed working class, which it called the proletariat, and the ruling ownership class, the bourgeoisie. The pamphlet argues that this struggle would inevitably lead to a revolution by the workers to overthrow the existing capitalist system. Though it had little immediate impact, the Manifesto's powerful ideas and its famous closing rally cry, "Workers of all lands, unite!", would go on to become a foundational text for communist and socialist movements around the globe.