What legal term describes a formal accusation of a crime issued by a grand jury?

In the legal system, a formal accusation of a crime issued by a grand jury is known as an indictment. This critical step marks the official beginning of a criminal case, indicating that a grand jury has reviewed evidence and determined there is sufficient probable cause to believe a crime has been committed and that a particular individual should be charged. It is important to remember that an indictment is an accusation, not a finding of guilt, and the accused is presumed innocent (Review) until proven otherwise in a trial.

Grand juries themselves are a distinct feature of some legal systems, notably in the United States, with roots tracing back to medieval England. Unlike a petit, or trial, jury which determines guilt or innocence, a grand jury's role is to investigate potential criminal conduct and decide whether criminal charges should be brought. Composed of a larger number of citizens, typically 16 to 23 members in the U.S., these juries serve as a protective buffer between the government and its citizens, aiming to prevent unfounded or oppressive prosecutions.

The process involves a prosecutor presenting evidence and witness testimony to the grand jury in secret proceedings. After considering the information, the grand jury votes on whether to issue a "true bill," which is the indictment, or a "no bill" if they find insufficient evidence. This mechanism ensures that serious criminal proceedings are initiated only after a group of community members, rather than just a prosecutor, agrees there are reasonable grounds for the charges.